Conflito, discriminação e segregação na Palestina ocupada: etnocracia como síntese teórica possível

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5965/2175180313322021e0107

Resumen

O presente artigo opera uma revisão bibliográfica crítica acerca da discriminação e práticas de segregação na Palestina ocupada. São expostas as considerações de diferentes autores, divididas conforme entendem a ocupação, mas sobretudo a partir das forças históricas que constituem o Estado de Israel como etnocracia, quais sejam: o nacionalismo, o colonialismo e o capitalismo. Portanto, etnocracia é o conceito que faz convergir as diferentes interpretações aqui apresentadas, enfatizando-se suas aproximações. Ademais, a bibliografia é comparada a relatórios de direitos humanos da ONU e de ONGs, demonstrando sua complementaridade.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Fábio Bacila Sahd, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA)

Graduado em história na UFPR, especialista na Faculdades Bagozzi, mestre na UEM e doutor pela USP. Professor adjunto do colegiado de ciências humanas, do centro de Bacabal (UFMA). 

Citas

ABUNIMAH, Ali. One country: a bold proposal to end the Israeli-Palestinian impasse. New York: Metropolitan books; Henry Holt and Company, 2006.

ADALAH. Legal violations of Arab minorities in Israel: a report on Israel’s implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. Adalah web site, [S.l..], Mar. 1998. Available in: http://www.adalah.org/eng/publications/violations.htm. Access in: 13 June 2011.

ALAM, Shahid. Israeli exceptionalism: the destabilizing logic of Zionism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

ANDERSON, Benedict. Comunidades imaginadas: reflexões sobre a origem e difusão do nacionalismo. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2008.

APPADURAI, Arjun. O medo ao pequeno número: ensaio sobre a geografia da raiva. São Paulo: Iluminuras, 2009.

ARAB ASSOCIATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. On the margins: annual review of human rights violations of the Arab Palestinian minority in Israel, 2006. Nazareth, 2006. Available in: http://www.arabhra.org/HraAdmin/UserImages/Files/YearlyReport2006FullVersionHighQualityEnglish.pdf. Access in: 13 Mar. 2020.

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Israel and the occupied territories: road to nowhere. London: Amnesty International Publications, 2006. Available in: https://www.amnesty.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Israel-and-the-Occupied-Territories.-The-road-to-Nowhere.pdf. Access in: 22 Apr. 2020.

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Enduring occupation: palestinians under siege in the west bank. London: Amnesty International, 2007. Available in : https://www.amnesty.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Report-Enduring-Occupation.pdf. Access in: 22 Apr. 2020.

BIMKOM. From public to national: national parks in East Jerusalem. Jerusalem: Bimkon, 2012. Available in: http://bimkom.org/eng/wpcontent/uploads/From-Public-toNational_English_FINAL2012_withMAPS_lowres1.pdf. Access in: 13 June 2015.

BIMKOM; B’TSELEM. The hidden agenda: the establishment and expansion plans of Ma’ale Adummim and their human rights ramifications. Jerusalem: Bimkom, 2009. Available in: http://www.btselem.org/download/200912_maale_adummim_eng.pdf. Access in: 20 Nov. 2014.

BISHARA, Marwan. Palestina/Israel: a paz ou o apartheid. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003.

BOBBIO, Norberto. Direita e esquerda: razões e significados de uma distinção política. 3. ed. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2011.

BOUSSOIS, Sébastien. Israël confronté a son passé. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2008.

CATTAN, Henry. A Palestina e o direito internacional: o aspecto legal do conflito Árabe-Israelense. Curitiba: Grafipar, [197-].

CIVIC COALITION FOR DEFENDING PALESTINIANS RIGHTS IN JERUSALEM. Aggressive urbanism: urban planning and the displacement of palestinians within and from occupied east Jerusalem. Jerusalem, 2009. Available in: http://civiccoalitionjerusalem.org/system/files/documents/aggressive_urbanism.pdf. Access in: 13 June 2015.

COCONI, Luciana. Apartheid contra el pueblo palestino. Madrid: Ediciones del Oriente y del Mediterráneo, 2010.

CORNEVIN, Marianne. Apartheid, poder e falsificação histórica. Lisboa: Edições 70, 1982.

D’AMOURS, Jillian K. New Israeli laws threaten Palestinian civil society. Chicago: The eletronic intifada, [S.l.], 06 Dic. 2010. Available in: http://electronicintifada.net/content/new-israeli-laws-threaten-palestinian-civil-society/9123#.TttzmFbPyql. Access in: 14 Nov. 2015.

D’AMOURS, Jillian K. Israel criminalizes commemoration of the Nakba. The Eletronic Intifada, Chicago, 29 mar. 2011. Available in: http://zochrot.org/en/content/israel-criminalizes-commemoration-nakba. Access in: 14 Nov. 2015.

ENRIQUEZ, Eugène. Matar sem remorso: reflexões sobre os assassinatos coletivos. História - questões & debates: os lugares da violência, Curitiba: Editora da UFPR, v. 18, n. 35, p. 11-41, jul./dez. 2001.

EPSTEIN, Yitzhak. The hidden question. [S.l.], Aug. 1907. Available in: http://qumsiyeh.org/yitzhakepstein/. Access in: 31 Oct. 2014.

FALK, Richard. Achieving human rights. New York: Routledge, 2009.

FANON, Frantz. Los condenados de la tierra. Cidade do México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1963.

FIELDHOUSE, David K. Western Imperialism in the Middle East: 1914-1958. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

GORDON, Neve. Israel’s occupation. Los Angeles: University of California Press, Ltd., 2008.

GORNY, Yosef. Zionism and the arabs, 1882-1948: a study of ideology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987

GRESH, Alain. A persistência da visão colonial: Israel-Palestina, um plano de guerra. Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil, Santa de Parnaíba, p. 26-27, 2020.

HAJJAR, Lisa. Courting conflict: the Israeli military court system in the West Bank and Gaza. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

HALPER, Jeff. The 94 percent solution: a matrix of control. Middle East Research and Information Project, [Chicaco], 2000. Available in: http://www.merip.org/mer/mer216/94-percent-solution. Access in: 15June 2015.

HALPER, Jeff. Dismantling the matrix of control. Middle East Research and Information Project, [Chicaco], 2009. Available in: http://www.merip.org/mero/mero091109. Access in: 1 June 2015.

HARVEY, David. O novo imperialismo. 8. ed. São Paulo: Edições Loyola, 2014.

HARVEY, David. Dezessete contradições e o fim do capitalismo. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2016.

HERZL, Theodor. O Estado judeu. São Paulo: Organização sionista unificada do Brasil, 1947.

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. Separate and unequal: Israel’s discriminatory Treatment of palestinians in the occupied Palestinian Territories. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010. Available in: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/iopt1210webwcover_0.pdf. Access in: 13 June 2014.

KRETZMER, David. The Occupation of justice: the Supreme Court of Israel and the occupied territories. Albany: SUNY Press, 2002.

LAOR, Yitzhak. Las falacias del sionismo progressista. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2012.

LI, Darryl. The Gaza strips as laboratory: notes in the wake of disengagement. Journal of Palestine Studies, Beirute, v. 35, n. 2, p. 38-55, 2006.

MOSSAWA CENTER. Main findings of the 2009-2010 state budget proposal and the needs of the Arab citizens in Israel. Mossawa Center web site. [S.l.], July de 2009. Available in: http://mossawa.org/files/files/File/Publications/Main%20findings%20of%20the%202009-2010%20State%20Budget%20Proposal%20and%20the%20needs%20of%20Arab%20Citizens%5B1%5D.pdf. Access in: 18 Mar. 2011.

MAOZ, Zeev. Defending the Holy Land: a critical analysis of Israel’s security and foreign policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009.

MARTINS, José de Souza. Fronteira: a degradação do outro nos confins do humano. São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 2018.

MASALHA, Nur. Imperial Israel and the palestinians: the politics of expansion. London: Pluto Press, 2000.

MASALHA, Nur. Expulsión de los palestinos: el concepto de “transferencia” en el pensamiento político sionista, 1882-1948. Buenos Aires: Editorial Canaán, 2008.

N’KRUMAH, Kwame. Neocolonialismo: último estágio do imperialismo. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Civilização Brasileira, 1967.

OSMAN, Firoz; DADOO, Suraya. Why Israel?: the anatomy of Zionist apartheid: a South Africa perspective. Johannesburg: Media Review Network; Porcupine Press, 2013.

PAPPE, Ilan. The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008.

PAPPE, Ilan (ed.). Israel and South Africa: the many faces of Apartheid. London: Zed Books, 2015.

PAYES, Shany. Palestinian NGOs in Israel: the politics of civil society. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005.

PINSKY, Jaime. Origens do nacionalismo judaico. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec, 1978.

QUIJANO, Aníbal. Colonialidade do poder e classificação social. In: SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa; MENESES, Maria Paula (org.). Epistemologias do sul. São Paulo: Cortez, 2010. p. 73-118.

RABKIN, Yakov. M. Judeus contra judeus: a história da oposição judaica ao sionismo. Cotia: Acatu, 2009.

ROY, Sara. The Gaza strip: a case of economic de-development. Journal of Palestine Studies, Beirute, v. 17, n. 1, p. 56-58, 1987. Available in: http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/1069.pdf. Access in: 28 dez. 2011.

SAHD, Fabio B. Oriente Médio desmistificado: terrorismo, fundamentalismo e barbárie. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2010.

SAHD, Fabio B. As violações impunes de direitos humanos e humanitários dos palestinos vivendo sob a ocupação israelense: possíveis interpretações. 2017. Tese Doutorado em Ciências) – Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. Disponível em: https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8161/tde-21022018-102435/publico/2017_FabioBacilaSahd_VOrig.pdf. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2020.

SAID, Edward W. et al. A profile of the Palestinian people. In: SAID, Edward W.; HITCHENS, Christopher (ed.). Blaming the victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestine Question. London: Verso, 1988. p. 235-296.

SAID, Edward W. Orientalismo: o Oriente como invenção do Ocidente. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007.

SAID, Edward W. The question of Palestine. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.

SAID, Edward W. How do you spell Apartheid?: O-S-L-O. Ha’aretz, Jerusalem, 11 Oct. 1998.

SAID, Edward W. After the last sky. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.

SAID, Edward W. Cultura e resistência: entrevistas do intelectual palestino a David Barsamian. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 2006.

SAND, Shlomo. Comment le peuple juif fut inventé. Paris: Fayard, 2008.

SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa. Para além do pensamento abissal: das linhas globais a uma ecologia de saberes. In: SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa; MENESES, Maria Paula (orgs.). Epistemologias do Sul. São Paulo: Cortez, 2010. p. 23-72.

SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa; MENESES, Maria Paula (org.). Epistemologias do sul. São Paulo: Cortez, 2010.

SHLAIM, Avi. A muralha de ferro: Israel e o mundo árabe. Rio de Janeiro: Fissus, 2004.

SHEHADEH, Raja; KUTTAB, Jonathan (ed.). The West Bank and the rule of the law. Genebra: The International Commission of Jurists: Law in the Service of Man: 1980.

SHELEF, Nadav G. Evolving nationalism: homeland, identity and religion in Israel, 1925-2005. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010.

SUZMAN, Mark. Ethnic nationalism and state power: the rise of Irish nationalism, Afrikaner nationalism and zionism. New York: St. Martin’s press inc., 1999.

UNITED NATIONS. General assembly: resolution 2851 (XXVI): report of the special committee to investigate israeli practices affecting the human rights of the population of the occupied territories. [S.l.]: UN, 20 Dic. 1971. Available in: https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/DC39D8D9B0DADCF6852560DE006B70B5. Access in: 22 Apr. 2020.

UNITED NATIONS. Human rights council: implementation of general assembly resolution 60/251 of 15 march 2006 entitled “human rights council”: report of the special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard. [S.l.]: UN, 29 Jan. 2007. Available in: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/105/44/PDF/G0710544.pdf?OpenElement. Access in: 22 Apr. 2020.

UNITED NATIONS. Human rights council: human rights situation in palestine and other occupied arab territories: report of the special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard. [S.l.]: UN, 21 Jan. 2008. Available in: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G08/402/29/PDF/G0840229.pdf?OpenElement. Access in: 22 Apr. 2020.

UNITED NATIONS. Human rights council: human rights situation in palestine and other occupied arab territories: report of the special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Richard Falk. [S.l.]: UN, 13 Jan. 2014. Available in: http://blog.unwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/A-HRC-25-67_en-Falkfinalreport_Feb2014.pdf. Access in: 19 Jan. 2014.

UNITED NATIONS. Economic and social commission for Western Asia: Israeli practices towards the palestinian people and the question of Apartheid. Beirute: United Nations, 2017. Available in: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/201703_UN_ESCWA-israeli-practices-palestinian-people-apartheid-occupation-english.pdf. Access in: 27 Mar. 2017.

WEIL, Josef (org.). O Oriente Médio na perspectiva marxista. São Paulo: Editora Sundermann, 2007.

WEIZMAN, Eyal. Hollow Land: Israel’s architecture of occupation. London: Verso, 2007.

YIFTACHEL, Oren. Ethnocracy: land and identity politics in Israel/Palestine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.

ZERTAL, Idith; ELDAR, Akiva. Lords of the land: the war over Israel’s settlements in the occupied territories, 1967-2007. New York: Nation Books, 2007.

ZERTAL, Idith. La nación y la muerte. la Shoá en el discurso y la política de Israel. Buenos Aires: Del Nuevo Extremo, 2010.

ZUREIK, Elia. Israel's colonial project in Palestine. Brutal Pursuit. London: Routledge, 2016.

Publicado

2021-04-30

Cómo citar

SAHD, Fábio Bacila. Conflito, discriminação e segregação na Palestina ocupada: etnocracia como síntese teórica possível. Revista Tempo e Argumento, Florianópolis, v. 13, n. 32, p. e0107, 2021. DOI: 10.5965/2175180313322021e0107. Disponível em: https://periodicos.udesc.br/index.php/tempo/article/view/2175180313322021e0107. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2024.